The Islamic Religious Observance Scale; development, psychometric properties and associations with demographic factors in a Sudanese sample
Abstract
This study reports the development and a preliminary analysis of the psychometric properties of the Islamic Religious Observance Scale “IROS”. The IROS measures the concept of religiosity from an Islamic perspective. One hundred Sudanese Muslim adults completed the Islamic Religious Observance Scale. The IROS was found to have satisfactory test-retest reliability, good internal consistency and good construct validity. The author believes that the IROS might have utility for screening and research purposes, not only as an assessment and outcome measure but also for testing hypotheses about connections between religion and mental health in the Sudan and other Islamic countries.
References
References
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Abdelrahim, S.I., & Cederblad, M. (1984). Effects of rapid urbanization on child health and behaviour in a part of Khartoum, Sudan. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 25,4. 629-641.
Ahmad, K.(1976). Family life in Islam. The Islamic Foundation, Leicester, UK.
Al-Awad, A. & Sonuga-Brake E.J.S. (1992). Childhood behaviour problems in a Sudanese city; a comparison of extended and nuclear families. Child Development, 63, 916-914.
Al-Awad, A. (1997). Childhood Behaviour Problems in Urban Sudan:Unpublished PhD. thesis, University of Southampton, UK.
Al-Attas, S, M. N. (1995). Prolegomena to the Metaphysics of Islam. An exposition of the fundamental elements of the Worldview of Islam. STAC, Kuala Lumpur.
Al-Attas, S. (1996). Islam and Challenge of Modernity. STAC, Kula lum pur.
Al-Issa, I. (1982). Culture and psychopathology. Baltimore: University Press.
Allport, G. (1953). The individual and his religion. New York:Macmillan.
Atabani, S. (1985). Child-rearing practices in the Sudan. Ph.D. thesis, University of Exeter, UK.
Baasher, T.A. (1982). The healing power of faith. World Health. The magazine of the World Health Organization.
Baasher, T.A., & Ibrahim, H.H.A. (1976). Childhood psychiatric disorders In the Sudan. African Jouranl of Psychiatry.1. 67-78.
Badri, M.B. (1979). The dilemma of Muslim psychologists. London, MWH.
Badri, M.B. (1972) Culture, traditions and psychopathology. Sudan Medical Journal. 10. 1972.
Badri, M. B (1976). Islam and Alcoholism. American Trust Publications.
Badri, M.B (1997). The AIDS Crisis: An Islamic Socio-cultural
Perspective. STA, Kuala Iumpur.
Braima, M. (1991). A Qur’anic Model for a Universal Economy Theory . Journal of King Abdulaziz University Vol . 3. 3 –41.
British Psychological Society/ Division of Clinical psychology (1995). Professional practice guidelines. The British Psychological Society, leicester.
Brown, D.R.& Gary, L.E (1991). Religious socialization and educational attainment among Afro-Americans: An empirical assessment. Journal of Negro Education. 60, No .3.411-426.
Brown, D.R, Ndubuisi, S.,C.&Gary, L.E (1990). Religiosity and psychological distress among Blacks. Journal of Religion and Health. 29, No.1, 55-68.
EI- Farouk, A.E. (1991). Internal Migration in the Sudan. Some Demographic and Socio-economic Aspects. Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis, University of Durham, UK.
Filsinger, E.E.& Wilson M.R. (1984). Religiosity, Socio-economic rewards, and family development: predictors of marital adjustment. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 46. No.3.663-670.
Heato, T.B. (1996). Socio-economic and familial status of women associated with age at first marriage in three Islamic societies. Journal of Comparative Family Studies 27.No,1 .41-58
Idris, G.S., (1977). The process of Islamization. The MSA of US & Canada.
Kark, J.D., Carmel, S., Sinnreich, R., Goldberger, N., Friedlander, Y.(1996). Psycho-social factors among members of religious and secular Kibbutzim. Israel Journal of Medical Sciences. 32,No 3-4 185 -194.
Koenig, .H.G (1993). Religion and aging. Reviews in Clinical
Gerontology .3.195- 203
Koenig, H.G, Cohen, H.J., & Blazer, D.G. (1992). Religious coping and depression in elderly hospitalised medically ill men. American Journal of Psychiatry. 149, 1693-17000.
Krause, N. (1995). Religiosity and self-esteem among older adults. Journals of Gerontology-Series: Psychological sciences and Social Sciences. 50. No, 5 -236-246.
Kroll, J. (1995). Religion and psychiatry. Current Opinion in psychiatry .8,335-339.
Leong, F.T.L.& Austin, J-.T (1996). The psychology Research
Handbook. Sage Publication.
Liddell, C., Kvalsvig, J., shababala, A. & Masilsla P.(1991). Historical Perspectives on South African childhood. International Journal of Behavioural Development .14,1.1-19.
Mitchell, J.R & Baker, M.C. (2000). Religious commitment and the construal of sources of help for emotional problems. The British Journal of Medical Psychology, 73, 289- 301.
Mohamed, Y. (1995). Fitra and its bearing on the principles of
Psychology. The American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences, 12.1.-18.
Neeleman,J.& persaud, R. (1995). Why do psychiatrists neglect religion?The British Journal of Medical psychology 68.2, 169-178.
Nobles, A.Y., & Sciarra, D.T. (2000). Cultural determinants in the treatment of Arab Americans: A primer for mainstream therapists. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 70.2.182-191.
Poston, D.L (1993). Voluntary and involuntary childlessness among Catholic and non-Catholic women: are the patterns converging? Social Biology, 37.3-4-251-265.
Rasul, A. (1993). Fertility preference: A Study of some basic concepts and considerations. The Journal of Family Welfare, 39.1.24-33.
Segal, A. (1993). Africa’s population and family planning dynamics. Africa Today, 3rd Quarter, 25-37.
Shah, Q. & Sonuga-Brake, E. (1995). Family structure and the mental health of Pakistani Muslim mothers and their children living in Britain. British Journal of Clinical psychology, 34 -79-81.
Shrum, W. (1980). Religious and marital instability: change in the 1970’s? Review of Religious Research. 21, 135- 147.
Stratton, P. (1988). Parents’ conceptualization of children as the organizer structured environments. In Valsiner, J. (Ed). Child Development within Culturally Structured Environment, vol. 1 John Wiley.
Szasz T S, (1972). The Myth of Mental illness. Paladin.
Triandis, H. C. & Brislin, R. W. (1984). Cross -cultural psychology. American psychologist, 39,9 1006 -1016.
Turner, R. P. Lukoff, D., Barnhouse, R. T. & Lu, F. G. (1995). Religious or spiritual problem. A culturally sensitive diagnostic category in the DSM-IV Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 18,7,435-444.
Vetere, A. &Gale, A. (1987). Ecological studies of family life.
Chichester: Wiley.
Wretch, J. & Youniss, J. (1987). Contextualizing the investigator. The Case of developmental psychology, Human Development, 30,18-13.
Wilson, M.N. (1984). Mothers’ and grandmothers’ perceptions of parental behaviour in three-generational black families. Child Development, 55,1333- 1339.
Zafar, M. I., Ford, N., & Ankomah, A (1995). Significance of beliefs and values in predicting fertility and contraceptive behaviour in Pakistan. Journal of Biosocial Science. 27, 3, 301- 318.
Abdelrahman, A. I. & Morgan, S. P (1987). Socio-economic and Institutional Correlates of Family Formation: Khartoum, Sudan, 1945-1975, Journal of Marriage and the Family, 49. 401-412.
Abdelrahim, S.I., & Cederblad, M. (1984). Effects of rapid urbanization on child health and behaviour in a part of Khartoum, Sudan. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 25,4. 629-641.
Ahmad, K.(1976). Family life in Islam. The Islamic Foundation, Leicester, UK.
Al-Awad, A. & Sonuga-Brake E.J.S. (1992). Childhood behaviour problems in a Sudanese city; a comparison of extended and nuclear families. Child Development, 63, 916-914.
Al-Awad, A. (1997). Childhood Behaviour Problems in Urban Sudan:Unpublished PhD. thesis, University of Southampton, UK.
Al-Attas, S, M. N. (1995). Prolegomena to the Metaphysics of Islam. An exposition of the fundamental elements of the Worldview of Islam. STAC, Kuala Lumpur.
Al-Attas, S. (1996). Islam and Challenge of Modernity. STAC, Kula lum pur.
Al-Issa, I. (1982). Culture and psychopathology. Baltimore: University Press.
Allport, G. (1953). The individual and his religion. New York:Macmillan.
Atabani, S. (1985). Child-rearing practices in the Sudan. Ph.D. thesis, University of Exeter, UK.
Baasher, T.A. (1982). The healing power of faith. World Health. The magazine of the World Health Organization.
Baasher, T.A., & Ibrahim, H.H.A. (1976). Childhood psychiatric disorders In the Sudan. African Jouranl of Psychiatry.1. 67-78.
Badri, M.B. (1979). The dilemma of Muslim psychologists. London, MWH.
Badri, M.B. (1972) Culture, traditions and psychopathology. Sudan Medical Journal. 10. 1972.
Badri, M. B (1976). Islam and Alcoholism. American Trust Publications.
Badri, M.B (1997). The AIDS Crisis: An Islamic Socio-cultural
Perspective. STA, Kuala Iumpur.
Braima, M. (1991). A Qur’anic Model for a Universal Economy Theory . Journal of King Abdulaziz University Vol . 3. 3 –41.
British Psychological Society/ Division of Clinical psychology (1995). Professional practice guidelines. The British Psychological Society, leicester.
Brown, D.R.& Gary, L.E (1991). Religious socialization and educational attainment among Afro-Americans: An empirical assessment. Journal of Negro Education. 60, No .3.411-426.
Brown, D.R, Ndubuisi, S.,C.&Gary, L.E (1990). Religiosity and psychological distress among Blacks. Journal of Religion and Health. 29, No.1, 55-68.
EI- Farouk, A.E. (1991). Internal Migration in the Sudan. Some Demographic and Socio-economic Aspects. Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis, University of Durham, UK.
Filsinger, E.E.& Wilson M.R. (1984). Religiosity, Socio-economic rewards, and family development: predictors of marital adjustment. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 46. No.3.663-670.
Heato, T.B. (1996). Socio-economic and familial status of women associated with age at first marriage in three Islamic societies. Journal of Comparative Family Studies 27.No,1 .41-58
Idris, G.S., (1977). The process of Islamization. The MSA of US & Canada.
Kark, J.D., Carmel, S., Sinnreich, R., Goldberger, N., Friedlander, Y.(1996). Psycho-social factors among members of religious and secular Kibbutzim. Israel Journal of Medical Sciences. 32,No 3-4 185 -194.
Koenig, .H.G (1993). Religion and aging. Reviews in Clinical
Gerontology .3.195- 203
Koenig, H.G, Cohen, H.J., & Blazer, D.G. (1992). Religious coping and depression in elderly hospitalised medically ill men. American Journal of Psychiatry. 149, 1693-17000.
Krause, N. (1995). Religiosity and self-esteem among older adults. Journals of Gerontology-Series: Psychological sciences and Social Sciences. 50. No, 5 -236-246.
Kroll, J. (1995). Religion and psychiatry. Current Opinion in psychiatry .8,335-339.
Leong, F.T.L.& Austin, J-.T (1996). The psychology Research
Handbook. Sage Publication.
Liddell, C., Kvalsvig, J., shababala, A. & Masilsla P.(1991). Historical Perspectives on South African childhood. International Journal of Behavioural Development .14,1.1-19.
Mitchell, J.R & Baker, M.C. (2000). Religious commitment and the construal of sources of help for emotional problems. The British Journal of Medical Psychology, 73, 289- 301.
Mohamed, Y. (1995). Fitra and its bearing on the principles of
Psychology. The American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences, 12.1.-18.
Neeleman,J.& persaud, R. (1995). Why do psychiatrists neglect religion?The British Journal of Medical psychology 68.2, 169-178.
Nobles, A.Y., & Sciarra, D.T. (2000). Cultural determinants in the treatment of Arab Americans: A primer for mainstream therapists. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 70.2.182-191.
Poston, D.L (1993). Voluntary and involuntary childlessness among Catholic and non-Catholic women: are the patterns converging? Social Biology, 37.3-4-251-265.
Rasul, A. (1993). Fertility preference: A Study of some basic concepts and considerations. The Journal of Family Welfare, 39.1.24-33.
Segal, A. (1993). Africa’s population and family planning dynamics. Africa Today, 3rd Quarter, 25-37.
Shah, Q. & Sonuga-Brake, E. (1995). Family structure and the mental health of Pakistani Muslim mothers and their children living in Britain. British Journal of Clinical psychology, 34 -79-81.
Shrum, W. (1980). Religious and marital instability: change in the 1970’s? Review of Religious Research. 21, 135- 147.
Stratton, P. (1988). Parents’ conceptualization of children as the organizer structured environments. In Valsiner, J. (Ed). Child Development within Culturally Structured Environment, vol. 1 John Wiley.
Szasz T S, (1972). The Myth of Mental illness. Paladin.
Triandis, H. C. & Brislin, R. W. (1984). Cross -cultural psychology. American psychologist, 39,9 1006 -1016.
Turner, R. P. Lukoff, D., Barnhouse, R. T. & Lu, F. G. (1995). Religious or spiritual problem. A culturally sensitive diagnostic category in the DSM-IV Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 18,7,435-444.
Vetere, A. &Gale, A. (1987). Ecological studies of family life.
Chichester: Wiley.
Wretch, J. & Youniss, J. (1987). Contextualizing the investigator. The Case of developmental psychology, Human Development, 30,18-13.
Wilson, M.N. (1984). Mothers’ and grandmothers’ perceptions of parental behaviour in three-generational black families. Child Development, 55,1333- 1339.
Zafar, M. I., Ford, N., & Ankomah, A (1995). Significance of beliefs and values in predicting fertility and contraceptive behaviour in Pakistan. Journal of Biosocial Science. 27, 3, 301- 318.
Published
2002-06-01
How to Cite
SHENNAN, Ahmed M. El-Hassan.
The Islamic Religious Observance Scale; development, psychometric properties and associations with demographic factors in a Sudanese sample.
Tafakkur, [S.l.], v. 4, n. 1, june 2002.
ISSN 1858-5159. Available at: <http://37.60.236.48/index.php/tfkr/article/view/583>. Date accessed: 03 june 2026.
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