Post-Caesarean Section Infection
الملخص
Post-caesarean infection continues to be a major cause of maternal morbidity and mortality. Understanding the various aspects of this grave complication has improved our approach to its management and prevention. We review the present knowledge about post-caesarean infection regarding: incidence, risk factors, diagnosis, causative organisms, antibiotics and prophylaxis. We conclude that the incidence ranges between 5-85% depending on the population studied; the main risk factors are labour, ruptured membranes and repeated vaginal examinations, the diagnosis is mainly clinical, the infection is polymicrobial, the antibiotics of proven value are gentamycin/clindamycin, ureidopenicillins and third generation cephalosporins. Antibiotics prophylaxis is recommended in all women undergoing elective or non-elective caesarean section
المراجع
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2. Lewis G et al. Why mothers diez Report on Confidential Engquiries intoMaternal Deaths in the United Kingdom 1994-1996. London : TSO: 1998
3. Alnaes M, Sande HA, Qvigstad E. Infections after caesarean section. Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen 1993 Apr 20: 113.
4. Tran TS, Jamulitrat S, Chongsuvivatwong V, Geater A. Risk factors for postcaesarean surgical site infection. Obstet Gynecol 2000 Mar; 95 (3):367- 71.
5. Brumfield CG, Hauth JC, Andrews W W. Puerperal infection after caesarean section delivery: evaluation of a standardized protocol. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2000 May: 1147-51.
6. Chaim W, Bashiri A, Bar-David J, Shoham-Vardi l, Mazor M. Prevalence and clinical significance of postpartum endometritis and wound infection. Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol 2000: 8 (2): 77-82.
7. Lydon Rochelle M, Holt V L, Martin DP, Easterling TR. Association between method of delivery and maternal rehospitalization. JAMA 2000 May 10; 283 (18): 2411-6.
8. Hagglund L, Christensen KK. Christensen P, Kamme C. Risk factors in caesarean section infection,Obstet Gynecol 1983 Aug;62(2): 145-50.
9. Di Lieto A, Albano G, Cimino E, Pontillo M, Gallo F. Micalef R, paladini A. Retrospective study of postoperative infectious morbidity following caesarean section. Minerva Ginecol 1996 Mar; 84 (3):85-92.
10. Gibbs RS, Jones PM, Wilder CJ. Antibiotic therapy of endometritis following caesarean section. Treatment successes and failures Obstet Gynecol 1978 Jul; 52 31-7.
11. Cunningham FG, Hauth JC, Strong JD, Kappus SS. Infectious morbidity following caesarean section. Comparison of two treatment regimen S. Obstet Gynecol 1978 Dec; 52 (6): 656-61.
12. Gilstrap LC d, Cunningham FG. The bacterial pathogenesis of infection following caesarean section. Obstet Gynecol 1979 May: 53 (5): 545-9.
13. Sen P, Apuzzio J, Reyelt C, Kaminski T, Levy F, Kap;ila R, Middleton J, Louria D. Prospective evaluation of combinations of antimicrobial agents for endometritis after caesarean section. Surg Gyneéol Obstet 1980 Jul: 151 (1):89-92.
14. Spandorfer SD, Graham E, Forouzan I. Post caesarean endomeritis. Clinical risk factors predictive of positive blood cultures. J Reprod Med 1996 Nov; 41(11):797-800
15. Repke J T, Spence MR, Calhoun S. Risk factors in the development of caesarean section infection. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1984 Feb; 158 (2): 112-6.
16. Martens MG, Faro S, Maccato M, Riddle G, Hammill HA. Susceptibility of female pelvic pathogens to oral antibiotic agents in patients who develop postpartum endometritis. Am J. Obstet Gynecol 1991 May; 164 (5 pt 2):1383-6.
17. Newton ER, Prihoda T J, Gibbs RS. A clinical and microbiologic analysis of risk factors for puerperal endometritis. Obstet Gynecol 1990 Mar; 75 (3 Pt 1): 402-6.
18. Nanda S, Rathee S. Postcaesarean wound infection: a review of risk factors. J Indian Med Assoc 1992 Mar; 90 (3): 66-7.
19. Leigh DA, Emmanuel F X, Sedgwick J, Dean R. Post operative urinary tract infection and wound infection in women undergoing caesarean section: a comparison of two study periods in 1985 and 1987. J Hosp Infect 1990 Feb; 15 107-16.
20. Tissot-Guerraz F, Moussy L, Agneil F, Andre A, Reverdy ME, Audra P, Putet G, Sepetjan M, Dargent D. Hospital infection in the maternity de- partment. 3 years surveillance in 9204 deliveries of which 1333 were caesarean sections. J Gynecol Obstet Biol Reprod (Paris) 1990; 19(1): 19-24
21. Roberts S, Maccato M, Faro S, Pinell P. The microbiology of post- caesarean wound morbidity. Obstet Gynecol 1993 Mar; 81 (3): 383-6.
22. Emmons SL, Krohn M, Jackson M, Eschenbach DA, Development of wound infections among women undergoing caesarean section. Obstet Gynecol 1988 Oct; 72 (4): 559-64.
23. Duff P. Pathophysiology and management of post caesarean endomyometritis. Obstet Gynecol 1986 Feb; 67 (2): 269-76.
24. de Gregorio G, Hillemaanns HG. Repeated Caesarean section an analysis of 2024 caesarean sections. Geburtshilfe Frauenheikd 1987 Nov: 47 (11) : 761-3.
25. P. Kirkinen. Multiple caesarean sections: outcomes and complications. British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 1988 Aug. Vol 95: 778- 782.
26. Lohe KJ, Lampe B, GraeffH, Holzmann K, Zander J. Hysterectomy for septicaemia following caesarean section. Geburtshilfe Frauenheikd. 1983 Jan: 43 27-32.
27. Boggess KA, Watts DH, Hillier SL, Krohn MA, Benedetti TJ, Eschenbach DA. Bacteremia shortly after placental separation during caesarean delivery. Obstet Gynecol 1996 May; 87 (5 Pt l): 779-84.
28. Keski - Nisula L, Kirkinen P, Katila ML, Ollikainen M, Saarikoski S. Ceasarean delivery, Microbial colonization in amniotic fluid. J Reprod Med 1997 Feb; 42 91-8.
29. Yonekura ML. Risk factors for postcaesarean endometritis. Am J Med 1985 Jun 28; 78 (6B) 17787.
30. Roex AJ, Puyenbrock JI, MaclLaren DM, Van Geijn HP, Arts N. A randomized clinical trial of antibiotic prophylaxis in caesarean section. Maternal morbidity, risk factors and bacteriological changes. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 1986 Jul; 22 117-24.
31. Berle P, Weiss E, Probst D. Maternal mprbidity after abdominal caesarean section relation to bacterial amniotic fluid colonization and pre-mature rupture of fetal membranes. Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd 1991 Sep; 51 (9(: 722-8.
32. Faro S, Hammill HA, Maccato M, Martens M. Ticarcillin / Clavulanate for treatment of postpartum endometritis. Rev Infect Dis 1991 Jul-Aug; 13 suppl 9: 5758-62
33. Walmer D, Walmer KR, Gibbs RS, Enterococci in postcaesarean endomeritis. Obstet Gynecol 1988 Feb; 71 (2): 159-62.
34. Hager W D, Rapp RP, Billeter M, Bradley BB. Choice of antibiotic in non-elective caesarean section. Antimicrob Agens Chempther 1991 Sep; 35(9): 1782-4
35. Stiver HG, Forward KR, Livingstone R A, Fugere P, Lemay M, Verschelden G, Hunter JD, Carson GD, Beresford P, Tyrrell. Multicentre comparison of cefoxitin versus cefazolin for prevention of infectious morbidity after non-elective caesarean section. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1983 Jan 15; 145(2): 158-63.
36. Periti P, Mazzei T, Perifi E. Prophylaxis in gynaecological and obstetric surgery: a comparative randomized multicentre study of single dose cefotetan versus two doses cefazolin. Chemioterapia 1988 Aug: 7 (4(: 245-52.
37. Rouzi AA, Khalifa F., Ba aqeel H, A1-Hamdan HS, Bondagji N. The routine use of cefazoline in caesarean section. Int. J. Gynaecol Obstet 2000 May; 69 107-12.
38. Periti P, Mazzel T, Orlandini F, Mini E. Comparison of the antimicrobial prophylactic efficacy ofcefotaxime and cefazolin in obsteric and gynae-cological surgery. A randomized multicentre study. Drugs 1988, 35 suppl 2: 133-8.
39. Zhanel GG, GinAS, Przybylo A, Louie TJ, Otten NH. Effect of interventions on prescribing of antimicrobials for prophylaxis in obstetric and gynaecologic surgery. Am J Hosp Pharm 1989 Dec; 46 (12): 2493-6.
40. Paradisi F, Corti G.Which prophylactic regimen for which surgical procedure ? Am J Surg 1992 Oct; 164 (4A Suppl): 25-55.
41. Von Mandach U, Huch R, Malinverni R, Huch A. Ceftriaxone (single dose) versus cefoxitin (multiple doses): success and failure of antibiotic prophylaxis in 1052 caesarean sections. J Perinat Med 1993; 21 (5):385- 97.
42. Giuliani B, Periti E, Mecacci F. Antimicrobial prophylaxis in obstetric and gynaecological surgery. J. Chemother 1999 Dec: II (6): 577-80.
43. Faro S, Prevention of infections after obstetric and gynaecologic sur-gery. J Reprod Med 1988 Jan; 33 (2 suppl): 154-8.
44. Berger SA, Nagar H, Gordon M. Antimicrobial prophylaxis in obstetric and gynaecologic surgery: a critical review. J Reprod. Med Med 1980 May; 24 185-90.
45. Gjonnaess H. Antimicrobial prophylaxis in gynaecological and obstetric surgery. Scand J Infect Dis Suppl 1990; 70: 52-67.
46. Gentry LO. Cefotaxime and prophylaxis. New approaches with a proven agent. Am J Med 1990 Apr 9; 88 (4A): 325-375.
47. Smail F, Hofmeyr GJ. Antibiotic prophylaxis for caesarean section )Cochrane review). In: The Cochrane Library, Issue 2, 2000. oxford:
48. Yonekura ML. Treatment of postcaesarean endometritis. Clin Obstet Gynecol 1988 Jun; 31(2): 488-500.
49. Dizerega GS, Yonekura ML, Keegan K, Roy S, Nakamura R, Ledger W. Bacteremia in postcaesarean endomyometritis: differ-ential response to therapy. Obstet Gynecol 1980 May; 55 587-90.
50. Apuzzio JJ, Kaminski Z, Gamesh V, Louria DB. Comparative clinical evaluation of ticarcillin plus clavulanic acid versus clindamycin plus gentamycin in treatmen of postcaesarean endomyometritis. Am J Med 1985 Nov 29; 79 (5B): 164-7.
51. Apuzzio JJ, Ganesh V, Pelosi MA, Landan l, Kaminetzky HA, Kaminski Z, Louria DB. Comparative clinical evaluation of ceftizoxime with clindamycin and gentamycin and cefoxitin in the treatment of postcaesarean endomyometritis. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1985 Dec; 161 (6(: 518-22
52. Filler L, Shipley CF. 3d, Dennis EJ 3d, Nelson GH. Post caesarean
endomerltis: a brief review and comparison of three antibiotic regimesn. JSC Med 1992 Jun; 88 291-5
53. Faro S, Martens M, Hammill H, Phillips LE, Smith D, Riddle G. Ticarcillin Clavulanic acid versus clindamycin and gentamycin in the treatment of postcaesarean endometritis following antibiotic prophylaxis. Obstet Gynecol 1989 May; 73 (5 Pt 1): 808-12.
54. Stovall TG, Thorpe EM Jr, Ling F W. Treatment of postcaesarean section endometritis with ampicillin and sulbactam or clindamycin and gentamycin. J Reprod Med 1993 Nov; 38 (11): 843-8.
55. Hillier S, Watts DH, Lee MF, Eschenbach DA. Etiology and treatment of postcaesarean section endometritis after cephalosporin prophylaxis. J Reprod Med 1990 Mar, 35 (3 Suppl): 322-8.
56. Gerstner G, Leodolter S, Rotter M. Endometrial bacteriology in puer-peral infections. Z. Geburtshilfe Perinatal 1981 Oct; 185 (5): 276-9.
57. Karhunen M, Koskela O, Teisala K, Suikkari AH, Mattila J. Prophylaxis and treatmen of anaerobic infections following caesarean section with unidazole. Chemotherapy 1985; 31 (3): 228-
58. Gibbs RS, Blanco JD, Bernsteins. Role of aerobic gram-negative bacilli in endometritis after caesarean section. Rev Infect Dis 1985 Nov-Dec; 7 Suppl 4: 5690-5.
59. Chia JY, Tan Kw, Tay L. A survey of postoperative wound infections in obstetrics and gynaecology. The Kandang Kerbau7 Hospital experience. Singapore Med J 1993 Jun; 34 221-4.
60. D Angelo LJ, Sokol RJ. Determinants of postpartum morbidity in labouring monitored patients; a reassessment of the bacteriology of the amniotic fluid during labour. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1980 Mar l; 136 (5(: 575-8.
61. Pass MA, Gray BM, Dillon HC Jr. Puerperal and Perinatal infections with group B streptococci. Am j Obstet Gynecol 1982 May 15; 143 (2(: 147-52.
62. Patai K, Fuzi M, Kanjo AH, Sipos M, Paulin F. Severe genital myco- plasma infection following caesarean section. Orv Hetil 1998 Maf 15: 139 (11):641-3.
63. Bitti A, Mastrantonio P, Spigaglia P, Urru G, Spano A1 , Moretti G, Cherchi GB. A fatal postpartum Clostridium sordellii associated toxic shock syndrome. J Clin Pathol 1997 Mar, 50 (3): 259-60.
64. Schulz-Lobmeyr l, Wenzl R. Complica;tions of elective caesarean de- livery necessitating postpartum hysterectomy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2000 Mar, 182 729-30.
65. Rivlin ME, Hunt JA, Rubin A. Continålal Postoperatie antibiotic perito- neal lavage in diffuse peritonitis complicating caesarean section. J Reprod. Med 1984, Mar; 29 173-8.
66. Milasinovic L, Cetkovic N, Radeka G, Bingold B, Petrovic D, Postop- erative infection as an indication for hysterectomy after caesarean section. Med Pregt 1996; 49 (5-6): 221-4.
67. Tanguy M, Malledant Y, N Guyen Q, Tropres H, Pangui E. Fatal mater-nal streptococcus A infection after caesarean section. Ann Fr Anesth Reanim 1990; 9 (5): 447-9.
2. Lewis G et al. Why mothers diez Report on Confidential Engquiries intoMaternal Deaths in the United Kingdom 1994-1996. London : TSO: 1998
3. Alnaes M, Sande HA, Qvigstad E. Infections after caesarean section. Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen 1993 Apr 20: 113.
4. Tran TS, Jamulitrat S, Chongsuvivatwong V, Geater A. Risk factors for postcaesarean surgical site infection. Obstet Gynecol 2000 Mar; 95 (3):367- 71.
5. Brumfield CG, Hauth JC, Andrews W W. Puerperal infection after caesarean section delivery: evaluation of a standardized protocol. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2000 May: 1147-51.
6. Chaim W, Bashiri A, Bar-David J, Shoham-Vardi l, Mazor M. Prevalence and clinical significance of postpartum endometritis and wound infection. Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol 2000: 8 (2): 77-82.
7. Lydon Rochelle M, Holt V L, Martin DP, Easterling TR. Association between method of delivery and maternal rehospitalization. JAMA 2000 May 10; 283 (18): 2411-6.
8. Hagglund L, Christensen KK. Christensen P, Kamme C. Risk factors in caesarean section infection,Obstet Gynecol 1983 Aug;62(2): 145-50.
9. Di Lieto A, Albano G, Cimino E, Pontillo M, Gallo F. Micalef R, paladini A. Retrospective study of postoperative infectious morbidity following caesarean section. Minerva Ginecol 1996 Mar; 84 (3):85-92.
10. Gibbs RS, Jones PM, Wilder CJ. Antibiotic therapy of endometritis following caesarean section. Treatment successes and failures Obstet Gynecol 1978 Jul; 52 31-7.
11. Cunningham FG, Hauth JC, Strong JD, Kappus SS. Infectious morbidity following caesarean section. Comparison of two treatment regimen S. Obstet Gynecol 1978 Dec; 52 (6): 656-61.
12. Gilstrap LC d, Cunningham FG. The bacterial pathogenesis of infection following caesarean section. Obstet Gynecol 1979 May: 53 (5): 545-9.
13. Sen P, Apuzzio J, Reyelt C, Kaminski T, Levy F, Kap;ila R, Middleton J, Louria D. Prospective evaluation of combinations of antimicrobial agents for endometritis after caesarean section. Surg Gyneéol Obstet 1980 Jul: 151 (1):89-92.
14. Spandorfer SD, Graham E, Forouzan I. Post caesarean endomeritis. Clinical risk factors predictive of positive blood cultures. J Reprod Med 1996 Nov; 41(11):797-800
15. Repke J T, Spence MR, Calhoun S. Risk factors in the development of caesarean section infection. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1984 Feb; 158 (2): 112-6.
16. Martens MG, Faro S, Maccato M, Riddle G, Hammill HA. Susceptibility of female pelvic pathogens to oral antibiotic agents in patients who develop postpartum endometritis. Am J. Obstet Gynecol 1991 May; 164 (5 pt 2):1383-6.
17. Newton ER, Prihoda T J, Gibbs RS. A clinical and microbiologic analysis of risk factors for puerperal endometritis. Obstet Gynecol 1990 Mar; 75 (3 Pt 1): 402-6.
18. Nanda S, Rathee S. Postcaesarean wound infection: a review of risk factors. J Indian Med Assoc 1992 Mar; 90 (3): 66-7.
19. Leigh DA, Emmanuel F X, Sedgwick J, Dean R. Post operative urinary tract infection and wound infection in women undergoing caesarean section: a comparison of two study periods in 1985 and 1987. J Hosp Infect 1990 Feb; 15 107-16.
20. Tissot-Guerraz F, Moussy L, Agneil F, Andre A, Reverdy ME, Audra P, Putet G, Sepetjan M, Dargent D. Hospital infection in the maternity de- partment. 3 years surveillance in 9204 deliveries of which 1333 were caesarean sections. J Gynecol Obstet Biol Reprod (Paris) 1990; 19(1): 19-24
21. Roberts S, Maccato M, Faro S, Pinell P. The microbiology of post- caesarean wound morbidity. Obstet Gynecol 1993 Mar; 81 (3): 383-6.
22. Emmons SL, Krohn M, Jackson M, Eschenbach DA, Development of wound infections among women undergoing caesarean section. Obstet Gynecol 1988 Oct; 72 (4): 559-64.
23. Duff P. Pathophysiology and management of post caesarean endomyometritis. Obstet Gynecol 1986 Feb; 67 (2): 269-76.
24. de Gregorio G, Hillemaanns HG. Repeated Caesarean section an analysis of 2024 caesarean sections. Geburtshilfe Frauenheikd 1987 Nov: 47 (11) : 761-3.
25. P. Kirkinen. Multiple caesarean sections: outcomes and complications. British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 1988 Aug. Vol 95: 778- 782.
26. Lohe KJ, Lampe B, GraeffH, Holzmann K, Zander J. Hysterectomy for septicaemia following caesarean section. Geburtshilfe Frauenheikd. 1983 Jan: 43 27-32.
27. Boggess KA, Watts DH, Hillier SL, Krohn MA, Benedetti TJ, Eschenbach DA. Bacteremia shortly after placental separation during caesarean delivery. Obstet Gynecol 1996 May; 87 (5 Pt l): 779-84.
28. Keski - Nisula L, Kirkinen P, Katila ML, Ollikainen M, Saarikoski S. Ceasarean delivery, Microbial colonization in amniotic fluid. J Reprod Med 1997 Feb; 42 91-8.
29. Yonekura ML. Risk factors for postcaesarean endometritis. Am J Med 1985 Jun 28; 78 (6B) 17787.
30. Roex AJ, Puyenbrock JI, MaclLaren DM, Van Geijn HP, Arts N. A randomized clinical trial of antibiotic prophylaxis in caesarean section. Maternal morbidity, risk factors and bacteriological changes. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 1986 Jul; 22 117-24.
31. Berle P, Weiss E, Probst D. Maternal mprbidity after abdominal caesarean section relation to bacterial amniotic fluid colonization and pre-mature rupture of fetal membranes. Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd 1991 Sep; 51 (9(: 722-8.
32. Faro S, Hammill HA, Maccato M, Martens M. Ticarcillin / Clavulanate for treatment of postpartum endometritis. Rev Infect Dis 1991 Jul-Aug; 13 suppl 9: 5758-62
33. Walmer D, Walmer KR, Gibbs RS, Enterococci in postcaesarean endomeritis. Obstet Gynecol 1988 Feb; 71 (2): 159-62.
34. Hager W D, Rapp RP, Billeter M, Bradley BB. Choice of antibiotic in non-elective caesarean section. Antimicrob Agens Chempther 1991 Sep; 35(9): 1782-4
35. Stiver HG, Forward KR, Livingstone R A, Fugere P, Lemay M, Verschelden G, Hunter JD, Carson GD, Beresford P, Tyrrell. Multicentre comparison of cefoxitin versus cefazolin for prevention of infectious morbidity after non-elective caesarean section. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1983 Jan 15; 145(2): 158-63.
36. Periti P, Mazzei T, Perifi E. Prophylaxis in gynaecological and obstetric surgery: a comparative randomized multicentre study of single dose cefotetan versus two doses cefazolin. Chemioterapia 1988 Aug: 7 (4(: 245-52.
37. Rouzi AA, Khalifa F., Ba aqeel H, A1-Hamdan HS, Bondagji N. The routine use of cefazoline in caesarean section. Int. J. Gynaecol Obstet 2000 May; 69 107-12.
38. Periti P, Mazzel T, Orlandini F, Mini E. Comparison of the antimicrobial prophylactic efficacy ofcefotaxime and cefazolin in obsteric and gynae-cological surgery. A randomized multicentre study. Drugs 1988, 35 suppl 2: 133-8.
39. Zhanel GG, GinAS, Przybylo A, Louie TJ, Otten NH. Effect of interventions on prescribing of antimicrobials for prophylaxis in obstetric and gynaecologic surgery. Am J Hosp Pharm 1989 Dec; 46 (12): 2493-6.
40. Paradisi F, Corti G.Which prophylactic regimen for which surgical procedure ? Am J Surg 1992 Oct; 164 (4A Suppl): 25-55.
41. Von Mandach U, Huch R, Malinverni R, Huch A. Ceftriaxone (single dose) versus cefoxitin (multiple doses): success and failure of antibiotic prophylaxis in 1052 caesarean sections. J Perinat Med 1993; 21 (5):385- 97.
42. Giuliani B, Periti E, Mecacci F. Antimicrobial prophylaxis in obstetric and gynaecological surgery. J. Chemother 1999 Dec: II (6): 577-80.
43. Faro S, Prevention of infections after obstetric and gynaecologic sur-gery. J Reprod Med 1988 Jan; 33 (2 suppl): 154-8.
44. Berger SA, Nagar H, Gordon M. Antimicrobial prophylaxis in obstetric and gynaecologic surgery: a critical review. J Reprod. Med Med 1980 May; 24 185-90.
45. Gjonnaess H. Antimicrobial prophylaxis in gynaecological and obstetric surgery. Scand J Infect Dis Suppl 1990; 70: 52-67.
46. Gentry LO. Cefotaxime and prophylaxis. New approaches with a proven agent. Am J Med 1990 Apr 9; 88 (4A): 325-375.
47. Smail F, Hofmeyr GJ. Antibiotic prophylaxis for caesarean section )Cochrane review). In: The Cochrane Library, Issue 2, 2000. oxford:
48. Yonekura ML. Treatment of postcaesarean endometritis. Clin Obstet Gynecol 1988 Jun; 31(2): 488-500.
49. Dizerega GS, Yonekura ML, Keegan K, Roy S, Nakamura R, Ledger W. Bacteremia in postcaesarean endomyometritis: differ-ential response to therapy. Obstet Gynecol 1980 May; 55 587-90.
50. Apuzzio JJ, Kaminski Z, Gamesh V, Louria DB. Comparative clinical evaluation of ticarcillin plus clavulanic acid versus clindamycin plus gentamycin in treatmen of postcaesarean endomyometritis. Am J Med 1985 Nov 29; 79 (5B): 164-7.
51. Apuzzio JJ, Ganesh V, Pelosi MA, Landan l, Kaminetzky HA, Kaminski Z, Louria DB. Comparative clinical evaluation of ceftizoxime with clindamycin and gentamycin and cefoxitin in the treatment of postcaesarean endomyometritis. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1985 Dec; 161 (6(: 518-22
52. Filler L, Shipley CF. 3d, Dennis EJ 3d, Nelson GH. Post caesarean
endomerltis: a brief review and comparison of three antibiotic regimesn. JSC Med 1992 Jun; 88 291-5
53. Faro S, Martens M, Hammill H, Phillips LE, Smith D, Riddle G. Ticarcillin Clavulanic acid versus clindamycin and gentamycin in the treatment of postcaesarean endometritis following antibiotic prophylaxis. Obstet Gynecol 1989 May; 73 (5 Pt 1): 808-12.
54. Stovall TG, Thorpe EM Jr, Ling F W. Treatment of postcaesarean section endometritis with ampicillin and sulbactam or clindamycin and gentamycin. J Reprod Med 1993 Nov; 38 (11): 843-8.
55. Hillier S, Watts DH, Lee MF, Eschenbach DA. Etiology and treatment of postcaesarean section endometritis after cephalosporin prophylaxis. J Reprod Med 1990 Mar, 35 (3 Suppl): 322-8.
56. Gerstner G, Leodolter S, Rotter M. Endometrial bacteriology in puer-peral infections. Z. Geburtshilfe Perinatal 1981 Oct; 185 (5): 276-9.
57. Karhunen M, Koskela O, Teisala K, Suikkari AH, Mattila J. Prophylaxis and treatmen of anaerobic infections following caesarean section with unidazole. Chemotherapy 1985; 31 (3): 228-
58. Gibbs RS, Blanco JD, Bernsteins. Role of aerobic gram-negative bacilli in endometritis after caesarean section. Rev Infect Dis 1985 Nov-Dec; 7 Suppl 4: 5690-5.
59. Chia JY, Tan Kw, Tay L. A survey of postoperative wound infections in obstetrics and gynaecology. The Kandang Kerbau7 Hospital experience. Singapore Med J 1993 Jun; 34 221-4.
60. D Angelo LJ, Sokol RJ. Determinants of postpartum morbidity in labouring monitored patients; a reassessment of the bacteriology of the amniotic fluid during labour. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1980 Mar l; 136 (5(: 575-8.
61. Pass MA, Gray BM, Dillon HC Jr. Puerperal and Perinatal infections with group B streptococci. Am j Obstet Gynecol 1982 May 15; 143 (2(: 147-52.
62. Patai K, Fuzi M, Kanjo AH, Sipos M, Paulin F. Severe genital myco- plasma infection following caesarean section. Orv Hetil 1998 Maf 15: 139 (11):641-3.
63. Bitti A, Mastrantonio P, Spigaglia P, Urru G, Spano A1 , Moretti G, Cherchi GB. A fatal postpartum Clostridium sordellii associated toxic shock syndrome. J Clin Pathol 1997 Mar, 50 (3): 259-60.
64. Schulz-Lobmeyr l, Wenzl R. Complica;tions of elective caesarean de- livery necessitating postpartum hysterectomy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2000 Mar, 182 729-30.
65. Rivlin ME, Hunt JA, Rubin A. Continålal Postoperatie antibiotic perito- neal lavage in diffuse peritonitis complicating caesarean section. J Reprod. Med 1984, Mar; 29 173-8.
66. Milasinovic L, Cetkovic N, Radeka G, Bingold B, Petrovic D, Postop- erative infection as an indication for hysterectomy after caesarean section. Med Pregt 1996; 49 (5-6): 221-4.
67. Tanguy M, Malledant Y, N Guyen Q, Tropres H, Pangui E. Fatal mater-nal streptococcus A infection after caesarean section. Ann Fr Anesth Reanim 1990; 9 (5): 447-9.
منشور
2021-09-19
كيفية الاقتباس
AHMED MIRGHANI, Omer.
Post-Caesarean Section Infection.
مجلة الجزيرة للعلوم الصحية, [S.l.], v. 1, n. 1, sep. 2021.
ISSN 1810-5386. متوفر في: <http://37.60.236.48/index.php/gjhs/article/view/2112>. تأريخ الوصول: 03 june 2026.
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