Malaria Prophylaxis During Pregnancy In Primigravidae Using Sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine In Wad Medani-Sudan
Abstract
Objectives: To evaluate the efficacy of Sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine as a prophylactic intervention in prevention and control of malaria during pregnancy.
To compare effect on neonatal low birth weight (LBW) between intervention and control groups.
To determine the proportion of maternal, neonatal and placental parasitaemia among intervention control groups.
Material and methods: A prospective case/control interventional study of 113 primigravidae, 57 as a intervention group and 56 as a control group selected through a cluster sampling technique. After taking their verbal consent, the intervention group received two doses of sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine (SP) in the second and early third trimesters, and followed up according to the WHO antenatal care schedule.
The outcomes include the following:
Reduction of malaria episodes during pregnancy in primigravidae.
Reduction of prevalence of neonatal low birth weight.
Determination of the prevalence of maternal, neonatal and placental parasitaemia.
References
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2. Ranjan Ramasamy. Molecular basis for evasion of host immunity and pathogenesis in malaria. Biochemical et Biophysica Acta 1406 (1998) p11.
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5. Steketee, RW. Wirima, J J. Slutsker, L. Heymann, D.L. and Breman, J.G. (1996); The problem of malaria and malaria control in pregnancy in Sub-Saharan Africa. Am. J.Trop.Med.Hyg 55: 2 – 7.
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7. Louis H, Miller, Michael F. Good, and Genevieve Milon. Malaria pathogenesis. Science 1994; 24 Jun, volum 264: p 1882.
8. Diagne N, Rogier C, Sokhna CS, Tall A, Fontenille D, Roussilhon C, Spiegel A. Increased susceptibility to malaria during the early postpartum period. N Engle J Med 2000 Aug 3; 343 (9): 598-603. Dakar, Senegal.
9. 9.Lindsay. S, Ansell .J, Selman .C, Cox .V, Hamilton. ,Walraven. J: Effect of pregnancy on exposure to mosquitoes: Lancet 2000 Jun 3; 355 (9219): 1972.
10. Menendez C, Ordi .J, Ismail M R, Ventura .P. J, Ponte. J. J, Kalngwa. E, Font. F, Alonso. P . L: The impact of placental malaria on gestational age and birth weight. J Infect Dis 2000 May; 181 (5): 1740 – 5.
11. Moorman AM, Sullivan AD, Rochford RA, Chensuc SW, Bock PJ, Nyirenda T, Meshnick SR: Malaria and pregnancy: placental cytokine expression and its relationship to intrauterine growth retardation. J Infect Dis 1999 Dec; 180 (6): 1987 - 93, USA.
12. Garner P, Gulmezoglu AM. Prevention versus treatment for malaria in pregnant women. Cochrane Data base system Rev 2000; (2): CD 000 169.
13.Chamberlain: Obstetric by ten teachers. 16th ed 1995; p 54.
14. Richard Wsteketec, Jack J. Wirima, Laurence. Slutsker, et al; Malaria parasite infection during pregnancy and delivery in mother, placenta, and newborn; Efficacy of Chloroquine and mefloquine in rural Malawi. Am. J. Trop, Med, Hug. 1996; 55(1 ): pp 24 - 32.
15.Ricke CH. Staalsoe T. Koram K. Akanmori BD. Riely EM. Theander TG. Hviid L. Plasmodium antibodies from malaria exposed pregnant women recognize variant surface antigens on plasmodium falciparum infected erythrocytes in a parity dependant manner and block parasite adhesion to chondroitin sulphate A. Immunol. 2000 Sep; 15: 165(6): 3309 - 16. Denmark.
16. WHO: Roll Back Malaria- a massive effort, 20 Avenue Appia1211-Geneva 27 Swizerland 1999.
17. Verhoeff FH, BrabinBJ, Chimsuku L, Kazembe P, Broadhead RL; An analysis of the determinant of anaemia in pregnant women in rural Malawi- a basis for action: Ann Trop Med Parasitol 1999 Mar; 93(2): 119 – 33.
18. Linda J, Schultz, Richard W, Stekette, Lester Chitsulo, Alan Macheso, Peter Kazembe, and Jack J. Wirima; Evaluation of maternal practices, efficacy and cost effectiveness of alternative antimalarial regimens for use in pregnancy: Chloroquine and sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine; Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg, 565 (1) 1996. pp 87 – 94.
19. C E Shulman, E K Dorman, F Cutts, K Kawuondo, J N Bulmer, N Peshu, K Marsh; intermittent sulfa-doxine/pyrimethamine to prevent sever anaemia secondary to malaria in pregnancy: a randomized placebo-controlled trial; lancet 1999; 353: 632 - 36.
20. H.M.Gilles & D.A.Warrell-Bruce.Chwatt,s; Epidemiology of malaria Essential malariology. 3rd ed 1993. P.175).
21. Egwunyenga OA, Ajayi JA, Popova-Duhlinsk DD, Nmorsi OP; Malaria infection of the cord and birth weights in Nigerians; Cent Afr J Med 1996 Sep; 42 (9): 265 – 8.
22. Paris M E, AYISI JG, Nahlen BL, Schultz J, Roberts JM, Misore A, Muga R, Oloo AJ, Steketee RW: Efficacy of sulfa-doxine pyrimethamine for prevention of placental malaria in area of Kenya with a high prevalence of malaria and human immunodeficiency virus infection. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1998 Nov; 59(5): 813 – 22.
23. Alkhaili A, Acur RN, Valiyveettil M, Ockenhouse CF; Structural requirements for the adherence of P. F infected RBCs to chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans of human placenta. J Biol Chem 2000 sept 25.
24. Brabin B, Piper C. Anaemia and malaria attributable low birth weight in two populations in Papua New Guinea. Ann Hum Biol. 1997 Nov - Dec; 24 (6): 547 – 55.
25. Shulman CE: Malaria in pregnancy: its relevance to save motherhood programmes. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 1999 Dec; 93 Suppl 1: 559 – 66.
26. Taha ET–T, Gray RH, Abdelwahab MM, Abdelhafeez A; Distribution and determinants of low birth weight in central Sudan. Paediatr Perinat Epidemol 1995 Apr; 9(2): 185-200.
27. Schultz LJ, Steketee RW, Chitsulo L, Wirima JJ: Antimalarials during pregnancy: a cost effectiveness analysis: Bull World Health Organ 1995; 73(2): 207 – 14.
2. Ranjan Ramasamy. Molecular basis for evasion of host immunity and pathogenesis in malaria. Biochemical et Biophysica Acta 1406 (1998) p11.
3. World Health Organization (1996) malaria. Report No 94 Fact sheet, Geneva.
4. Marsh K &Snow RW. Host-parasite interaction and morbidity in malaria endemic areas. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series B, Biological Sciences 1997; 352:1385 – 1394.
5. Steketee, RW. Wirima, J J. Slutsker, L. Heymann, D.L. and Breman, J.G. (1996); The problem of malaria and malaria control in pregnancy in Sub-Saharan Africa. Am. J.Trop.Med.Hyg 55: 2 – 7.
6.Prual A: Pregnancy and delivery in West Africa. High-risk motherhood. Sante Publique 1999 Jun; 11(2): 155 – 65.
7. Louis H, Miller, Michael F. Good, and Genevieve Milon. Malaria pathogenesis. Science 1994; 24 Jun, volum 264: p 1882.
8. Diagne N, Rogier C, Sokhna CS, Tall A, Fontenille D, Roussilhon C, Spiegel A. Increased susceptibility to malaria during the early postpartum period. N Engle J Med 2000 Aug 3; 343 (9): 598-603. Dakar, Senegal.
9. 9.Lindsay. S, Ansell .J, Selman .C, Cox .V, Hamilton. ,Walraven. J: Effect of pregnancy on exposure to mosquitoes: Lancet 2000 Jun 3; 355 (9219): 1972.
10. Menendez C, Ordi .J, Ismail M R, Ventura .P. J, Ponte. J. J, Kalngwa. E, Font. F, Alonso. P . L: The impact of placental malaria on gestational age and birth weight. J Infect Dis 2000 May; 181 (5): 1740 – 5.
11. Moorman AM, Sullivan AD, Rochford RA, Chensuc SW, Bock PJ, Nyirenda T, Meshnick SR: Malaria and pregnancy: placental cytokine expression and its relationship to intrauterine growth retardation. J Infect Dis 1999 Dec; 180 (6): 1987 - 93, USA.
12. Garner P, Gulmezoglu AM. Prevention versus treatment for malaria in pregnant women. Cochrane Data base system Rev 2000; (2): CD 000 169.
13.Chamberlain: Obstetric by ten teachers. 16th ed 1995; p 54.
14. Richard Wsteketec, Jack J. Wirima, Laurence. Slutsker, et al; Malaria parasite infection during pregnancy and delivery in mother, placenta, and newborn; Efficacy of Chloroquine and mefloquine in rural Malawi. Am. J. Trop, Med, Hug. 1996; 55(1 ): pp 24 - 32.
15.Ricke CH. Staalsoe T. Koram K. Akanmori BD. Riely EM. Theander TG. Hviid L. Plasmodium antibodies from malaria exposed pregnant women recognize variant surface antigens on plasmodium falciparum infected erythrocytes in a parity dependant manner and block parasite adhesion to chondroitin sulphate A. Immunol. 2000 Sep; 15: 165(6): 3309 - 16. Denmark.
16. WHO: Roll Back Malaria- a massive effort, 20 Avenue Appia1211-Geneva 27 Swizerland 1999.
17. Verhoeff FH, BrabinBJ, Chimsuku L, Kazembe P, Broadhead RL; An analysis of the determinant of anaemia in pregnant women in rural Malawi- a basis for action: Ann Trop Med Parasitol 1999 Mar; 93(2): 119 – 33.
18. Linda J, Schultz, Richard W, Stekette, Lester Chitsulo, Alan Macheso, Peter Kazembe, and Jack J. Wirima; Evaluation of maternal practices, efficacy and cost effectiveness of alternative antimalarial regimens for use in pregnancy: Chloroquine and sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine; Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg, 565 (1) 1996. pp 87 – 94.
19. C E Shulman, E K Dorman, F Cutts, K Kawuondo, J N Bulmer, N Peshu, K Marsh; intermittent sulfa-doxine/pyrimethamine to prevent sever anaemia secondary to malaria in pregnancy: a randomized placebo-controlled trial; lancet 1999; 353: 632 - 36.
20. H.M.Gilles & D.A.Warrell-Bruce.Chwatt,s; Epidemiology of malaria Essential malariology. 3rd ed 1993. P.175).
21. Egwunyenga OA, Ajayi JA, Popova-Duhlinsk DD, Nmorsi OP; Malaria infection of the cord and birth weights in Nigerians; Cent Afr J Med 1996 Sep; 42 (9): 265 – 8.
22. Paris M E, AYISI JG, Nahlen BL, Schultz J, Roberts JM, Misore A, Muga R, Oloo AJ, Steketee RW: Efficacy of sulfa-doxine pyrimethamine for prevention of placental malaria in area of Kenya with a high prevalence of malaria and human immunodeficiency virus infection. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1998 Nov; 59(5): 813 – 22.
23. Alkhaili A, Acur RN, Valiyveettil M, Ockenhouse CF; Structural requirements for the adherence of P. F infected RBCs to chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans of human placenta. J Biol Chem 2000 sept 25.
24. Brabin B, Piper C. Anaemia and malaria attributable low birth weight in two populations in Papua New Guinea. Ann Hum Biol. 1997 Nov - Dec; 24 (6): 547 – 55.
25. Shulman CE: Malaria in pregnancy: its relevance to save motherhood programmes. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 1999 Dec; 93 Suppl 1: 559 – 66.
26. Taha ET–T, Gray RH, Abdelwahab MM, Abdelhafeez A; Distribution and determinants of low birth weight in central Sudan. Paediatr Perinat Epidemol 1995 Apr; 9(2): 185-200.
27. Schultz LJ, Steketee RW, Chitsulo L, Wirima JJ: Antimalarials during pregnancy: a cost effectiveness analysis: Bull World Health Organ 1995; 73(2): 207 – 14.
Published
2003-01-01
How to Cite
SULEIMAN, Imad Eldin Elgack; MOHAMADANI, Ahmed A/Alla; MIRGANI, Omer Ahmed.
Malaria Prophylaxis During Pregnancy In Primigravidae Using Sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine In Wad Medani-Sudan.
Gezira Journal of Health Sciences, [S.l.], v. 1, n. 1, jan. 2003.
ISSN 1810-5386. Available at: <http://37.60.236.48/index.php/gjhs/article/view/147>. Date accessed: 03 june 2026.
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