Measurements of Radon gas Concentration in a Soil at Some Towns in Kassala State
الملخص
In this work, radon gas concentration in the soil of some towns in Kassala State in eastern Sudan was measured. To perform this task 206 soil samples were studied randomly. The study was made on: Kassala (90 soil samples), Aroma (40 soil samples), Khashm Algirba (36 soil samples) and Halfa Aljadida city (40 soil samples). Previously calibrated dosimeters containing solid state nuclear track detectors SSNTDs type of CR- 39 were used. The soil- radon gas concentration obtained in Kassala town ranged from 452.10 Bq/m3 to 7766.89 Bq/m3, with an average of (2885.98±419.36) Bq/m3. In Aroma town, soil- radon gas concentration ranged from 1942.99 Bq/m3 to 5727.38 Bq/m3, with an average of (3336.89±500.99) Bq/m3. While in Khashm Algirba town the soil radon gas concentration was
found to be in the range between 807.68 Bq/m3 and 5227.03 Bq/m3 with an average of (2169.00 ± 436.99) Bq/m3. In Halfa Aljadida the soil - radon gas concentration values ranged between 1023.56 Bq/m3 and 4145.05 Bq/m3, with an average of(2106.08±397.40) Bq/m3. The minimum average of soil- radon gas concentration was found to be in Kassala State where the concentration is (2624.49 ± 438.69) Bq/m3. It was also found that soil- radon gas concentration increased with depth.
المراجع
Abumurad, K.M., Atalla, M. , Kullab, MK., and Ismail, A.M.
(1997). Determination of Radon Soil Concentration Levels
in the Governorate of Irbid, Jordan. Radiat. Meas. 28(1-6):
585-588.
Akber, R. A., Pfitzner, J. and Johnston, A. (1992). Radon
Transpon from Ranger Uranium Mine: A review of the
Public Radiation Dose Estimates. Radiat. Prot. In Australia
10(2): 41 – 46.
Akerblom, G. and Wilson, C. (1982). Radon- Geological Aspects
of an Environmental Problem. Report No. 30. Geological
Survey of Sweden, Uppsala.
Akerblom, G. , Andersson, P. and Clavensjo, B. (1984). Soil Gas
Radon- a Source for Indoor Radon Daughters. Radiat. Prot.
Dosim. 7: 48-54.
Albarracfn, D., Font, L. L, Amgarou, K, Domingo, C.,
Frenåndez, F. and Baixeras, C. (2002). Effect of Soil
Parameters on Radon Entry into a Building by a Means of
the TRANSRAD Numerical Model. Radiat Prot. Dosim.
102(4): 359-364.
A1-Bataina, B. and Elzain, A A. (2003). Seasonal Variation of
Indoor Radon-222 Concentration Levels in Zarqa City,
Jordan. Abhath A1-Yarmouk "Basic Sci. & Eng." .120):
191-202.
Anderson, J. S. (1947). J. Proc. Roy. scoo N. S. Wales. 76: 329.
Baixeras, C. , Climent, H. , Font, L. I. , Bacmeister, G. U.,
Albarracin, D. and Monnin, M.M. (1997). Using Passive
Detectors in Soil and Indoors in Tow Mediterranean
Locations for Radon Concentration Measurements. Radiat.
Meas. 28(1-6): 713-716.
Baljinder, S. and Virk, H. S. (1996). Effect of Soil and Sand
Moisture Content on Radon Diffusion using Plastic Track
Etched Detectors. Radiat. Meas. 26(1): 49-50.
Chung, W. H, Tokonnami, S. and Furukawa, M. (1998).
Preliminary Survey on Radon and Thoron Concentration in
Korea. Radiat. Protec. Dosim. 80(4): 423-426.
Elzain, A. A. (2000). Measurements of Variation of Radon
Concentration in Zarqa-Jordan Environment with Seasons.
M.Sc. Thesis, Department of Physics, University of
Yarmouk, Irbid, Jordan.
Fliescher, R. L. (1983). Theory of Alpha Recoil Effects on
Radon Release and Isotopic Disequlibrium. Geochimic.
Cosmochime Acta. 47: 779-784.
Fukui, M. (1996). Monitoring of Radon in Ground water and Soil
Gas. Radioactivity in the Environment, (Eds. R. A. Akber
and Paul Martin). In: Biennial Workshop of the South
Pacific Environmental Radioactivity Association Darwin
17-19 June, 1996.
Gadgil A. J. (1992). Models of Radon Entry. Radtai. Protec.
Dosim. 45: 373-380.
Gingrich J. E. (1984). Radon as a geochemical exploration tool.
J. Geophys. Explor. 21: 19-39.
Guimond R. J. and Page S. D. (1992). Indoor Radon: A Case
Study in Risk Communication. Radiat. Prot. Dosim. 42(3):
169-176.
Gundersen L. C. S. (1992). The Effect of Rock Type, Grain Size,
Permeability and Moisture Content on Radon on Soil Gas. J.
Of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry 1 6: 325-337.
Hinkle M. E. (1990). Factors effecting helium and carbon
dioxide in soil gases. Theopharstus Pub. , S. A. Athens, pp.
421—446.
ICRP-65 (1993)." International Commission on Radiation
Protecticn" Protection against radon-222 at home and at
work. ICRP Report 65, Pergamon Press.
Jönsson, G., Baixeras, C., Devantier, R., Enge, W., Font, L. 1.,
Freyer, K. , Ghose, R. and Treutler, H-C (1999). Soil Radon
Levels Measured with SSNTDs and the Soil Radium
Content. Radiat. Meas. 31: 291-294.
Kafeel A.M.A. (1982). Semi-detailed Soil Survey Report of the
Gash-Kassala Area. Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation,
Soil Survey Administration, Report No. SSA/123.
Khadier N. A. M. (1990). Measurements of Radon Levels in Soil
and Dwellings of AL-Mukaria Town A1-Shoback. M.Sc.
Thesis, Department of Physics, University of Yarmouk,
Irbid, Jordan.
Khan, H. A. , Qureshi, I. E. and Tufail, M. (1990). Proceedings of
the International Conference on High Levels of Natural
Radiation, Rasmar. In: Soharbi, Me, Ahmed, M. , Durrani, S.
A. (Eds.), pp. 293-304, 1993, IAEA, Vienna.
Klusman, R. W. and Jaacka, J. R. (1987). Environmental
influence upon mercury, radon and helium concentrations in
soil gases at a site near Denver, Colorado. J. Geophys.
Explore 27(3): 259-280.
Kobal, 1., Smodis, Be, Burger, J., and Skofljanec, M. (1987).
Atmospheric radon-222 in Tourist caves of Slovenia,
Yugoslavia. Health Physics 52(4): 473-479.
Kunz, E., sevc, Jo, Placek , and Horacek, Je (1981). Lung
cancer in man in relation to different time distribution of
radiation exposure. Health Physics 36: 699-706.
M.E.M (1982). Water Resources Assessment Kassala Gash
Basin. The Democratic Republic of the Sudan, Ministry of
Energy and Mining (M.EM.), National Administration, The
Kingdom of the Netherlands, Ministry of International
Corporation, Groundwater Survey, Final Technical Report,
1982.
Marenny, A. M. , Vorozhtsov, A. S., Nefedov, N. A. and Orlava,
O. A. (1996). Results of Radon Concentration
Measurements in Some Regions of Russia. Radiat. Meas.
28(1): 43 – 48.
Mazur, D., Janik M. , Loskiewicz, J. , 01ko, P. and Swakon, J.
(1999). Measurements of Radon Concentration in Soil gas
by CR-39 Detectors. Radiate Measur, 31: 295-300.
Megumi, K. and Mamuro, T. (1973). Radon and Thoron
Exhalation from the Ground. J. Geophys. Res. 78: 1804-
1808
Mogro-Campero, A and Fleisher, R L. (1977). Subterrestrial
Fluid convection: a hypothesis for long- distance
migration of radon within the earth. Earth Plan. Sc. Lett.
34: 321-325.
Monnin, M. and Seidel, J. L. (1989). The Realization of an
International Network Based on Radon Monitoring: results
of the Present International Collaboration. In: Proceedings
of the Workshop on Radon Monitoring in Radioprotection,
Environmental Radioactivity and Earth Sciences, (eds.
Tommasino L. , Furlan G. , Khan A. H. and Monnin M.),
ICTP, Trieste, Italy, April 3- 14, 1989, World Scientific,
Singapore, pp.340-349.
Monnin M. M. and Seidel J. L (1993) Radon in Soil- Air and in
Ground Water Related to Major Geophysical Events: A
Survey. In Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Radon
Monitoring in Radioprotection, Environmental and/ or Earth
Sciences (eds. Furlan G. and Tommasino L.), ICTP, Trieste,
Italy, 1993, World Scientific, Singapore, pp. 274-285.
Mukhtar, O. M., Elzain, A. A. (2006). Radon monitoring at
Khartoum using the charcoal technique. Abhath A1-Yrmouk
"Basic Sci. &Eng.". 15(2): 255 – 235.
Narayana, Y., Somashekarappa, H. M., Karunakara, N.,
Balakrishna K. M. , Siddappa, K. , Kumar, S., Gopalani, D.
And Ramaseshu, P. (1998). Seasonal Variation of Indoor
Radon Levels in Coastal Karnataka on the South-West
Coast of India. Radiat. Measure 29(1): 19-25.
NCRP (1988). Measurements of Radon and Radon Daughters in
Air. National Council on Radiation Protection and
Measurements, Report No. 97.
Nero, A V., and Nazaroff, W. W. (1984). Characterising the
source of radon indoors. Radiate Prot. Dosim., 7(1-4): 23-39.
Nishimura, S. and Katsura, I. (1990). Radon in soil gas:
application in exploration and earthquake prediction. In:
Geochemistry of gaseous elements and compounds,
Theopharstus Pub., pp. 497-533.
O' Riordan, M. C (1980). A review of Indoor Exposure from
Natural radiation. P. 183-192 in: Seminar on the
Radiological Burten of Man from Natural Radioactivity in
the Countries of the European Community. CEC doc.
V/2408/80.
Rose, A. W., Hawkes, H. E. and webs, J. S. (1979).
Geochemistry in mineral exploration. London Academic
Press.
Salvatore, L., Giuseppe, E. and Luigi, P. D. (1993). Variations of
radorf-222 in soil gas as a seismic precursor signals at Latera
Caldera (central Italy). In Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop
on Radon Monitoring in Radioprotection, Environmental
and/ or Earth Sciences (eds. Furlan G. and Tommasino L.),
ICTP, Trieste, Italy, 1993, World Scientific, Singapore, pp.
418—434.
Segovia, N., Mena, M. , Monnin, M., Pefia, P., Seidel, J. L. and
Tamez, E (1997). Radon- in Soil Variations Related to
Volcanic Activity. Radiate Measure 28(1-6): 745-750.
Shweikani, R., Giaddui, T. G. and Durrani, S. (1995). The Effect
of Soil Parameters on the Radon Concentration Values in
the Environment. Radiate Meas. 25(1-4): 581-584.
Singh, N. P. (1989). Radon Monitoring at Amritsar, India. In
Proceedings of the Workshop on Radon Monitoring in
Radioprotection, Environmental Radioactivity and Earth
Sciences, (eds. Tommasino L, Furlan G. , Khan A. H. and
Monnin Mo), ICTP, Trieste, Italy, April 3- 14, 1989, World
Scientific, Singapore, pp. 490-503
Strong, K e P. and Levins, D. M. (1982) effects of Moisture
Content on Radon Emanation from uranium Mine and
Tailings. Health phys. 42: 27-32.
Thamer, B. J., Nielson, K. K.and Felthauser, K. (1981). The
Effect of Moisture on Radon Emanation. Open File Report
184-82 Bureau of Mines, Us Department of Interior,
Washington DC.
UNSCEAR (2000). United Nations Scientific Committee on the
Effect of Atomic Radiation. Sources, Effects and Risks of
Ionizing Radiation. United Nations, New York, U.S.A.
Wilkening, M. (1985). Radon Transport in Soil and its Relation
to Indoor Radioactivity. The Science of the total
Environment 45.
(1997). Determination of Radon Soil Concentration Levels
in the Governorate of Irbid, Jordan. Radiat. Meas. 28(1-6):
585-588.
Akber, R. A., Pfitzner, J. and Johnston, A. (1992). Radon
Transpon from Ranger Uranium Mine: A review of the
Public Radiation Dose Estimates. Radiat. Prot. In Australia
10(2): 41 – 46.
Akerblom, G. and Wilson, C. (1982). Radon- Geological Aspects
of an Environmental Problem. Report No. 30. Geological
Survey of Sweden, Uppsala.
Akerblom, G. , Andersson, P. and Clavensjo, B. (1984). Soil Gas
Radon- a Source for Indoor Radon Daughters. Radiat. Prot.
Dosim. 7: 48-54.
Albarracfn, D., Font, L. L, Amgarou, K, Domingo, C.,
Frenåndez, F. and Baixeras, C. (2002). Effect of Soil
Parameters on Radon Entry into a Building by a Means of
the TRANSRAD Numerical Model. Radiat Prot. Dosim.
102(4): 359-364.
A1-Bataina, B. and Elzain, A A. (2003). Seasonal Variation of
Indoor Radon-222 Concentration Levels in Zarqa City,
Jordan. Abhath A1-Yarmouk "Basic Sci. & Eng." .120):
191-202.
Anderson, J. S. (1947). J. Proc. Roy. scoo N. S. Wales. 76: 329.
Baixeras, C. , Climent, H. , Font, L. I. , Bacmeister, G. U.,
Albarracin, D. and Monnin, M.M. (1997). Using Passive
Detectors in Soil and Indoors in Tow Mediterranean
Locations for Radon Concentration Measurements. Radiat.
Meas. 28(1-6): 713-716.
Baljinder, S. and Virk, H. S. (1996). Effect of Soil and Sand
Moisture Content on Radon Diffusion using Plastic Track
Etched Detectors. Radiat. Meas. 26(1): 49-50.
Chung, W. H, Tokonnami, S. and Furukawa, M. (1998).
Preliminary Survey on Radon and Thoron Concentration in
Korea. Radiat. Protec. Dosim. 80(4): 423-426.
Elzain, A. A. (2000). Measurements of Variation of Radon
Concentration in Zarqa-Jordan Environment with Seasons.
M.Sc. Thesis, Department of Physics, University of
Yarmouk, Irbid, Jordan.
Fliescher, R. L. (1983). Theory of Alpha Recoil Effects on
Radon Release and Isotopic Disequlibrium. Geochimic.
Cosmochime Acta. 47: 779-784.
Fukui, M. (1996). Monitoring of Radon in Ground water and Soil
Gas. Radioactivity in the Environment, (Eds. R. A. Akber
and Paul Martin). In: Biennial Workshop of the South
Pacific Environmental Radioactivity Association Darwin
17-19 June, 1996.
Gadgil A. J. (1992). Models of Radon Entry. Radtai. Protec.
Dosim. 45: 373-380.
Gingrich J. E. (1984). Radon as a geochemical exploration tool.
J. Geophys. Explor. 21: 19-39.
Guimond R. J. and Page S. D. (1992). Indoor Radon: A Case
Study in Risk Communication. Radiat. Prot. Dosim. 42(3):
169-176.
Gundersen L. C. S. (1992). The Effect of Rock Type, Grain Size,
Permeability and Moisture Content on Radon on Soil Gas. J.
Of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry 1 6: 325-337.
Hinkle M. E. (1990). Factors effecting helium and carbon
dioxide in soil gases. Theopharstus Pub. , S. A. Athens, pp.
421—446.
ICRP-65 (1993)." International Commission on Radiation
Protecticn" Protection against radon-222 at home and at
work. ICRP Report 65, Pergamon Press.
Jönsson, G., Baixeras, C., Devantier, R., Enge, W., Font, L. 1.,
Freyer, K. , Ghose, R. and Treutler, H-C (1999). Soil Radon
Levels Measured with SSNTDs and the Soil Radium
Content. Radiat. Meas. 31: 291-294.
Kafeel A.M.A. (1982). Semi-detailed Soil Survey Report of the
Gash-Kassala Area. Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation,
Soil Survey Administration, Report No. SSA/123.
Khadier N. A. M. (1990). Measurements of Radon Levels in Soil
and Dwellings of AL-Mukaria Town A1-Shoback. M.Sc.
Thesis, Department of Physics, University of Yarmouk,
Irbid, Jordan.
Khan, H. A. , Qureshi, I. E. and Tufail, M. (1990). Proceedings of
the International Conference on High Levels of Natural
Radiation, Rasmar. In: Soharbi, Me, Ahmed, M. , Durrani, S.
A. (Eds.), pp. 293-304, 1993, IAEA, Vienna.
Klusman, R. W. and Jaacka, J. R. (1987). Environmental
influence upon mercury, radon and helium concentrations in
soil gases at a site near Denver, Colorado. J. Geophys.
Explore 27(3): 259-280.
Kobal, 1., Smodis, Be, Burger, J., and Skofljanec, M. (1987).
Atmospheric radon-222 in Tourist caves of Slovenia,
Yugoslavia. Health Physics 52(4): 473-479.
Kunz, E., sevc, Jo, Placek , and Horacek, Je (1981). Lung
cancer in man in relation to different time distribution of
radiation exposure. Health Physics 36: 699-706.
M.E.M (1982). Water Resources Assessment Kassala Gash
Basin. The Democratic Republic of the Sudan, Ministry of
Energy and Mining (M.EM.), National Administration, The
Kingdom of the Netherlands, Ministry of International
Corporation, Groundwater Survey, Final Technical Report,
1982.
Marenny, A. M. , Vorozhtsov, A. S., Nefedov, N. A. and Orlava,
O. A. (1996). Results of Radon Concentration
Measurements in Some Regions of Russia. Radiat. Meas.
28(1): 43 – 48.
Mazur, D., Janik M. , Loskiewicz, J. , 01ko, P. and Swakon, J.
(1999). Measurements of Radon Concentration in Soil gas
by CR-39 Detectors. Radiate Measur, 31: 295-300.
Megumi, K. and Mamuro, T. (1973). Radon and Thoron
Exhalation from the Ground. J. Geophys. Res. 78: 1804-
1808
Mogro-Campero, A and Fleisher, R L. (1977). Subterrestrial
Fluid convection: a hypothesis for long- distance
migration of radon within the earth. Earth Plan. Sc. Lett.
34: 321-325.
Monnin, M. and Seidel, J. L. (1989). The Realization of an
International Network Based on Radon Monitoring: results
of the Present International Collaboration. In: Proceedings
of the Workshop on Radon Monitoring in Radioprotection,
Environmental Radioactivity and Earth Sciences, (eds.
Tommasino L. , Furlan G. , Khan A. H. and Monnin M.),
ICTP, Trieste, Italy, April 3- 14, 1989, World Scientific,
Singapore, pp.340-349.
Monnin M. M. and Seidel J. L (1993) Radon in Soil- Air and in
Ground Water Related to Major Geophysical Events: A
Survey. In Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Radon
Monitoring in Radioprotection, Environmental and/ or Earth
Sciences (eds. Furlan G. and Tommasino L.), ICTP, Trieste,
Italy, 1993, World Scientific, Singapore, pp. 274-285.
Mukhtar, O. M., Elzain, A. A. (2006). Radon monitoring at
Khartoum using the charcoal technique. Abhath A1-Yrmouk
"Basic Sci. &Eng.". 15(2): 255 – 235.
Narayana, Y., Somashekarappa, H. M., Karunakara, N.,
Balakrishna K. M. , Siddappa, K. , Kumar, S., Gopalani, D.
And Ramaseshu, P. (1998). Seasonal Variation of Indoor
Radon Levels in Coastal Karnataka on the South-West
Coast of India. Radiat. Measure 29(1): 19-25.
NCRP (1988). Measurements of Radon and Radon Daughters in
Air. National Council on Radiation Protection and
Measurements, Report No. 97.
Nero, A V., and Nazaroff, W. W. (1984). Characterising the
source of radon indoors. Radiate Prot. Dosim., 7(1-4): 23-39.
Nishimura, S. and Katsura, I. (1990). Radon in soil gas:
application in exploration and earthquake prediction. In:
Geochemistry of gaseous elements and compounds,
Theopharstus Pub., pp. 497-533.
O' Riordan, M. C (1980). A review of Indoor Exposure from
Natural radiation. P. 183-192 in: Seminar on the
Radiological Burten of Man from Natural Radioactivity in
the Countries of the European Community. CEC doc.
V/2408/80.
Rose, A. W., Hawkes, H. E. and webs, J. S. (1979).
Geochemistry in mineral exploration. London Academic
Press.
Salvatore, L., Giuseppe, E. and Luigi, P. D. (1993). Variations of
radorf-222 in soil gas as a seismic precursor signals at Latera
Caldera (central Italy). In Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop
on Radon Monitoring in Radioprotection, Environmental
and/ or Earth Sciences (eds. Furlan G. and Tommasino L.),
ICTP, Trieste, Italy, 1993, World Scientific, Singapore, pp.
418—434.
Segovia, N., Mena, M. , Monnin, M., Pefia, P., Seidel, J. L. and
Tamez, E (1997). Radon- in Soil Variations Related to
Volcanic Activity. Radiate Measure 28(1-6): 745-750.
Shweikani, R., Giaddui, T. G. and Durrani, S. (1995). The Effect
of Soil Parameters on the Radon Concentration Values in
the Environment. Radiate Meas. 25(1-4): 581-584.
Singh, N. P. (1989). Radon Monitoring at Amritsar, India. In
Proceedings of the Workshop on Radon Monitoring in
Radioprotection, Environmental Radioactivity and Earth
Sciences, (eds. Tommasino L, Furlan G. , Khan A. H. and
Monnin Mo), ICTP, Trieste, Italy, April 3- 14, 1989, World
Scientific, Singapore, pp. 490-503
Strong, K e P. and Levins, D. M. (1982) effects of Moisture
Content on Radon Emanation from uranium Mine and
Tailings. Health phys. 42: 27-32.
Thamer, B. J., Nielson, K. K.and Felthauser, K. (1981). The
Effect of Moisture on Radon Emanation. Open File Report
184-82 Bureau of Mines, Us Department of Interior,
Washington DC.
UNSCEAR (2000). United Nations Scientific Committee on the
Effect of Atomic Radiation. Sources, Effects and Risks of
Ionizing Radiation. United Nations, New York, U.S.A.
Wilkening, M. (1985). Radon Transport in Soil and its Relation
to Indoor Radioactivity. The Science of the total
Environment 45.
منشور
2009-09-07
كيفية الاقتباس
A. ELZAIN, Abd-Elmoniem et al.
Measurements of Radon gas Concentration in a Soil at Some Towns in Kassala State.
Gezira Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, [S.l.], v. 4, n. 1, p. 15 - 42, sep. 2009.
ISSN 1858-5698. متوفر في: <http://37.60.236.48/index.php/gjeas/article/view/2077>. تأريخ الوصول: 03 june 2026.
إصدار
القسم
Articles
