Base Catalyzed Transesterification of Neem (Azadirachta indica) Seed Oil
Abstract
Base catalyzed transesterification was used to examine biodiesel synthesis for utilizing Neem (Azadirachta indica) seed oil. In addition, physicochemical analysis of the Neem seed oil and biodiesel produced were determined mainly by the American Oil Chemist Society (AOCS) and the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM). The experiments were carried out by one-step alkali based catalyzed transesterification method, using low (0.73%) free fatty acids (FFA). High biodiesel yield 92.8 % w/w with 99% total conversion was achieved. It was found that the biodiesel specifications such as; kinematic viscosity (5.43cSt), density (0.8877 g/cm3) and Flash point (166˚C). These fulfil the requirements of ASTM and the committee of standardization in Europe standard specifications (EN). The results found were highly reliable and showed that the Neem seed oil is attractive as feedstock and has potential for biodiesel production. Therefore, the study recommended that the non-edible oils are economically useful for biodiesel production.
References
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[3]. Energy Information administration, International Energy Outlook, Washington, DC, USA, EIA, 2017.
[4]. H. K. William, Biodiesel: Basics and Beyond - A Comprehensive Guide to Production and Use for the Home and Farm. 1st Edition. Aztext Press, 2622 Mountain road, Tamworth, Ontario Canada, 2006. ISBN- 13: 978-0-9733233-3-7.
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[6]. P. C. Hallenbeck and J. R. Benemann, “Biological production: fundamentals and limiting processes”, Journal Hydrogen Energy 27:1185-1193, 2002.
[7]. E. F. Aransiola, E. Betiku, D. I. O. Ikhuomoregbe and T. V. Ojumu,“Production of biodiesel from crude Neem oil feedstock and its emissions from internal combustion engines”, African journal of Biotechnology 11(22): 6178-6186, 2012.
[8]. G. Alemayehu, G. Tewodros and T. Abile, “A Review on Biodiesel Production as Alternative Fuel”, Journal of Forest production& Industries 4(2): 80-85, 2015.
[9]. N. Pragya, K. K. Pandey and P. K. Sahoo, “A review on harvesting, oil extraction and biofuels production technologies from microalgae”, Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., vol 24: 159-171, 2013.
[10]. A. Demirbas, “Comparison of transesterification methods for production of biodiesel from vegetable oils and fats”, Energy Conversation and Management, 49: 125-130, 2008.
[11]. T. Wang; Y. P. Wang, S. and Luo, Y. (2009). Application of sodium Aluminates as a heterogeneous Base Catalyst for Biodiesel Production from Soybean oil, Energy & Fuels vol 23: 1089-1092.
[12]. M. Di Serio, T. R. Riccardo, L. Pengmei and E. Santacesaria ,” Heterogeneous catalysts for Biodiesel Production”, Energy & Fuels, vol 22: pp. 207-217, 2008.
[13]. K. Bozbas, “Review Biodiesel as an alternative motor ful: Production and policies in the Eurpean Union”, Renewable & Sustainable Energy reviews, vol. 2: 1-12, 2005.
[14]. C. Urrutia, N. Sangaletti-Gerhard, M. Cea, A. Aliberti and R. Navia, “Two step esterification-transesterification process of wet greasy sewage sludge for biodiesel production”, Bioresource Technology 200: 1044-1049, 2016.
[15]. S. D. Romano and P. A Sorichetti, “Dielectric spectroscopy in biodiesel production and characterization”, Evaluation energy and Technology, vol 29: 2195-2211, 2011.
[16]. A. Z. Abdullah, B. Salamatinia, H. Mootabadi and S. Bhatia, “Current status and policies on biodiesel industry in Malaysia as the world's leading producer of palm oil”, Energy Policy, 37(12): 5440-5448, 2009.
[17]. A. Demirbas “Biodiesel production from vegetable oils via catalytic and non-catalytic supercritical methanol transesterification methods”, Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, vol. 31: 466-487, 2005.
[18]. E. M. Shahid and Y. Jamal “Production of biodiesel: A technical reviews”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 15(9): 4732–4745, 2011.
[19]. T. Eevera, K. Pazhanichamy and D. Ramesh, “The characterization of palm and rice bran oil biodiesel to assess the feasibility for power generation”, Energy Sources, part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects 36(2): 150-157, 2014.
[20]. Y. C. Bhattacharyulu, V. N. Ganvir, A. Aditaya and, R. Amol, ”Modelling of Neem Oil Methyl Esters Production using Artificial Neural Networks”, International Journal of Computer Applications volume 70 No 27: 10-15, 2013.
[21]. Z. Helwani, “Technologies for production of biodiesel focusing on green catalytic techniques: A review”, Fuel processing technology J, 90: 1502-1514, 2009.
[22]. M. N. Siddiquee S., Rohani, “Experimental analysis of lipid extraction and biodiesel production from waste water sludge”, Fuel Processing Technology, 92: 2241-2251, 2011.
[23]. B. K. Highina, I. M. Bugaje and, B. Umar, “Biodiesel Production from Jatropha Caucus oil in a Batch Reactor Using Zinc Oxide as Catalyst”, Journal of Applied Phytotechnology in Environmental Sanitation, 1 (2): 61-66, 2012.
[24]. A. K. Tiwari, A. Kumar and, H. Raheman, “Biodiesel production from Jatropha oil (Jatropha curcas) with high free fatty acids: An optimized process”, Biomass and Bioenergy 31: 569-575, 2007.
[25]. A. Monyem, J. H. Van Gerpen and M. Canacki, “The Effect of Timing of Oxidation on Emission from Biodiesel Fuelled Engines”, Transactions of the American Society of Agricultural Engineers (ASAE) 44(1): 35- 42, 2001.
[26]. W. Alnuami, A. Buthaninah, C. J. Etti, L. I. Jassim and G. A. Gomes,”Evaluation of Different materials for Biodiesel production”, International journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering. 3(8): 1-8, 2014.
[27]. A. A. Refaat, N. K. Attia, H. A. Sibak, S.T. Sheltawy and G. I. Eldiwani, ”Production optimization and quality assessment of biodiesel from waste vegetable oil”, International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 5 (1): 75–82, 2008.
[28]. P. C. Jena, H. Raheman, G. V. K. Parsanna and, R. Machavaram, ”Biodiesel production from mixture of mahua and Simarouba oils with high free fatty acids”, Biomass and Bioenergy 34(8): 1108-1116, 2010.
[29]. R. Sarin, M. Sharma, S. Sinharay and R. K. Malhorta, “Jatropha, Palm biodiesel blende: An optimum mix for Asia”, Fuel 86(10-11): 1365-1371, 2007.
[30]. A. B. Fadhil and J. Pak, ”Biodiersel production from spent fish frying oil through acid-base catalyzed transesterification”, Enviro. Chem 13: 9-15, 2012.
[31]. H. J. Berchmans and S. Hirata, “Biodiesel production from crude Jatropha curcas seed oil with a high content of free fatty acids”, Bioresour Technol. 99 (6): 1716-1721, 2008.
[32]. K.V. Radhak and G. Manikandon, “Novel production of biofuel from Neem oil”, in: world renewable energy congress 2011 Sweden- May 8-13, 2011, Linköping, Sweden: Bioenergy Technology, 2011. pp. 471-478.
[33]. U. A. Anya., N. N. Chioma.and O. Obinna, “Optimized reduction of free fatty acid content on Neem seed oil, for biodiesel production”, Journal of Basic and Applied Chemistry, 2(4): 21–28, 2013.
[34]. N. M. Daud, S. R. S. Abdullah, H. A. Hasan and Z. Yaakob, “Production of biodiesel and its wastewater treatment technologies: A review”, Process Safety and Environmental Protection 94: 487-508, 2015.
[35]. D.Y.C. Leung, X. Wu and M.K.H. Leung, “A review on biodiesel production using catalyzed transesterification”, Appl. Energy 87 (4): pp. 1083-1095, 2010.
[36]. M. A. A. Abdelrahman, A. A. A. Yassin, I. H. Hussein, B. A. Karama, and M. E.S. Mirghani, “Transesterification of Jatropha curcas Seed Oil: Reaction Parameters”, Gezira Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences vol (14) num-1, 2019.
[37]. T. Baskar, B. R. Kasturi and P. R. Samuel, “Homogeneous Catalyst Transesterification of Renewable Azadirachta indics (Neem) Oil and Its Derivatives to Biodiesel Fuel via Acid/Alkaline Esterification Processes”, International Journal of Renewable Energy & Biofuels Article ID 515961, DOI: 10.5171/2014. 515961, 2014.
[38]. S. Ismadji, A. Kurniawan, Ju Y.H., F. E. Soetaredjo, A. Ayucitra and L. K. Ong, “Solubility of azadirachtin and several triterpenoid compounds extracted from Neem seed kernel in supercritical CO2”. Fluid Phase Equilibria, 336: 9–15, 2012.
[39]. M. C. Sekhar, V. R. Mamila, M. V. Mallikarjun and, K. V. K. Reddy,”Production of biodiesel from Neem oil”, Int. j. Eng. Stud. 4:295-302, 2009.
[40]. A. Demirbas, B. Abdullah, A. Waqar and S. Manzoor, ”Biodiesel Production from non-edible plant Oils”, Energy Exploration and Exploitation vol 34(2): 290-318, 2016.
[41]. S. C. Prerna, “Study of Neem Oil as Source of Biolubricant”, VIVECHAN International Journal of Research, Vol. 6, Issue 1: 62-69, 2015.
[42]. S. S. Ragit, S. K. Mohapatra, K. Kundu and P. Gill, “Optimization of Neems methyl ester from transesterification process and fuel characterization as a diesel substitute”, Biomass Bioenergy. 35(3):1138-1144, 2011.
[43]. H. Muthu, V. S. Selvabala and T. K.Varathochary, “Synthesis of biodiesel from Neem oil using sulfated zirconia via transisterification. Prazilian”, Journal of Chemical Engineering 27(4): 602-608, 2010.
[44]. D. Diedhiou, M. L. Diatta, M. Faye, G. Vilarem, and L. Rigal, “Biodiesel production from Neem seeds (Azadirachta indica) oil by its Base –catalyzed Transesterification and its Blending with Diesel”, Research Journal of Chemical sciences, vol 5(10): 13-19, 2015.
[45]. S. Jessinta, H. N. Azhari, N. T. Saiful and H. N. Abdurahman, “Impact of geographic variation on physicochemical properties of Neem (Azadirachta indica) seed oil”, Int. J. Pharm Sci. Res. 5(10): 4406-4413, 2014.
[46]. B. Karunanithi and T. M. Kelmy, “Biodiesel production from Neem oil an alternate approach”, International journal of engineering research and Applications vol 5 (5): 32-37, 2015.
[47]. P. Bhandare and G. R. Naik, ”Functional properties of Neem oil as potential feedstock for biodiesel production” International Letters of Natural Sciences 7: 7-14, 2015.
[48]. D. K. Dinesh, K. B. Khiraiya and P. O. Nityam, “A Review of Neem Biodiesel as Fuel CI Engine”, International journal of Applied Research and Studies, issue I/Jan, vol II(I): 1-6, 2013.
[49]. K. Anindita, K. Subrata and M. Souti, “Biodiesel production from Neem towards feedstock diversification: Indian perspective”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 16: 1050-1060, 2012.
[50]. S. Singh, P. K. More and K. Gaikwad, “Standardization of Process Parameters for Neem Oil and Determination of Properties for Using as a Fuel”, International Journal of Engineering Research and Genaral Science Vol 2(6): 504-511, 2014.
[51]. M. Nabi, J. E. Hustad and D. Kannan, “First generation biodiesel production from non-edible vegetable oil and its effect on diesel emission”, in: proceedings of the 4th BSME-ASME international conference on thermal engineering, 2008.pp. 748-753.
[52]. M. Mamuda, M. Dauda and B. Binfa, “Influence of formulated Neem seed oil and jatropha curcas seed oil on wire drawing of mild steel and medium carbon steel at elevated temperatures”, Journal Tribologi 10: 16-27, 2016.
[53]. S. K. Banik, M. A. Rouf, T. Rabeya, M. Khanam, S. B. Sajal, S. B. Sabur and M. R. Islam, “Production of biodiesel from neem seed oil”, Bangladesh Journal of Scientific and Industerial Research. 53(3): 211-218, 2018.
[54]. T. F. Adepoju and O. Olawale, “Optimization and predictive capability of RSM using controllable variables in Azadirachta Indica oil seeds extraction process”, International journal of chemistry and materials Research vol 3(1): 1-10, 2015.
[55]. A. Mushtaq, A. K. Mir, Z. Muhammad, and S. Shazia,”Biodiesel from Non-edible Oil Seeds: a Renewable Source of Bioenergy, Economic Effects of Biofuel Production”, Report, 259-280, 2011.
[56]. M. Mittelbach and P. Tritthart, “Diesel fuel from vegetable oils. ӀӀ. Emission tests using methyl esters of used frying oils”, Journal of the American Oil Chemists Soceity 65 (7):1185-1187, 1988.
[57]. A. Rajalingam, S. P. Jani, A. Senthil Kumar and K. A. Adam, “The Effect in Neem Oil Biodiesel Properties Due To the Blending of Cerium oxide Nanoparticles”, International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering.Vol 4(11): 290-293, 2016.
[58]. J. Mohammed, S. J. Atuman, E. Ugwu, A. Alochenu, “ Characterization of Biodiesel from jatropha Oil and Neem Oil”, International Journal of Emerging trends in Engineering and development 2(2): 313-320, 2012.
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Published
2021-12-05
How to Cite
ABDELRAHMAN, Maha Abdelrahman Abdelmawla; M. M. MOHAMMED, Anas; A. A. YASSIN, Atif.
Base Catalyzed Transesterification of Neem (Azadirachta indica) Seed Oil.
Gezira Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, [S.l.], v. 15, n. 2, p. 1-5, dec. 2021.
ISSN 1858-5698. Available at: <http://37.60.236.48/index.php/gjeas/article/view/1624>. Date accessed: 03 june 2026.
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