Effects of type of nutrition on the chemical composition of camels milk and urine
Abstract
Camel milk and urine have high nutritive values and therapeutic properties. The objective of this study was to find out the effect of camel nutrition on milk and urine chemical composition. A total of 30 she camels were selected from 6 herds, 3 from Elmanagil area and 3 from Tambool area. All camels belong to the Arabian type. The she- camels were in their first to third lactation and in the second to eighth month of lactation. The camel herds in Elmanagil area grazed grasses and browsed shrubs and trees of different types, mostly Acacias. Camels in Tambool area received concentrate ration (sorghum grains, groundnut cakes and wheat bran), and dry roughages in the form of sorghum stalks and Abusabien hay in the pens. Milk and urine samples were collected from each camel and subjected to chemical analyses. The results showed significant differences (P≤0.05) in milk and urine minerals content between the two areas. The Ca, K and Mg levels in urine were higher than milk, while Na level was higher in milk compared to that in urine. The minerals content in the urine of the camels found in Elmanagil area were significantly higher (P≤0.05) than Tambool area. There was significant difference (P≤0.05) in fat content between the milk of the camels found in the two areas. The fat content was significantly higher in the camel milk produced in Tambool area. It is recommended that camels browse on trees to produce high nutritive value milk and urine.
إشتهرت منتجات الإبل وخاصة اللبن والبول بقيمتها الغذائية العالية وخصائصها العلاجية. الهدف من هذا البحث هو تقييم تأثير تغذية الإبل على التركيب الكيميائي ومحتوى المعادن في ألبانها وأبوالها. تم إختيار 30 ناقة من 6 قطعان من الإبل، ثلاثة من منطقة المناقل والثلاثة الأخرى من منطقة تمبول .جميع النوق تنتمي لنوع الإبل العربية. يتراوح موسم الإدرار لها ما بين الأول والثالث بينما تتراوح فترة الحليب ما بين الشهر الثاني والثامن. إعتمدت النوق الموجودة في منطقة المناقل في تغذيتها على المرعى الطبيعي وما به من نباتات وشجيرات واشجار مختلفه معظمها من نوع الاكاشيا، في أثناء فترة جمع العينات، بينما إعتمدت النوق الموجودة في منطقة تمبول على أعلاف مركزة عاديه تحتوي على (حبوب الذرة والامبازات ونخالة القمح) وأعلاف خشنة (قصب ذرة وتبن ابو سبعين) قدمت لها داخل الحظائر. تم جمع عينات من اللبن والبول من كل النوق وتم تحليلها كيميائياً. أظهرت النتائج أن هنالك فروق معنوية (P<0.05) في محتوى المعادن في البول واللبن بين المنطقتين. كما وجد أن مستوى Mg, K, Ca أعلى بكثير في البول منه في اللبن. بينما كان مستوى Na أعلى في اللبن. كما أظهرت النتائج أن هنالك فروق معنوية (P<0.05) في محتوى المعادن في البول بين المنطقتين وكان مستوى المعادن المختلفة في بول الإبل أعلى في منطقة المناقل مقارنة بمنطقة تمبول. كما أظهرت النتائج ان هنالك فروق معنوية (P<0.05) في محتوى الدهن في االلبن بين المنطقتين. حيث كانت نسبة الدهن أعلى في لبن الإبل المنتج في منطقة تمبول. توصي هذه الدراسه في حالة الحاجة إلى مستويات عالية من العناصر المعدنية Ca, K, Na, Mg)) في ألبان وأبوال الإبل يفضل أن تعتمد الإبل في تغذيتها على المرعى الطبيعي والأشجار.
References
Abu Sowar, A.O. 2005. Forage Production in Sudan. Univesity of Khartoum Press, Sudan.
Alhaj, O.A., A. Kanekanian and A. Peters. 2007. Investigation on proteins profile of commercially available milk –based probiotics health drinks using fast protein liquid chromatography (FPLC). British Food Journal 109: 469-480
Aljumah, R.S., F.F. Almutairi, M.A. Ayadi, M.A. Alshaikh, A.M. Aljumaah and M.F. Hussein. 2011. Factors affecting the prevalence of subclinical mastitis in lactating dromedary camels in Riyadh region, Saudi Arabia. Tropical Aminal Health Proceeding.
A.O.A.C. 2000. Official Methods of Analysis, 17 Ed., Association of Official Analytic Chemists.
Ayadi, M., M. Hammadi, T. Khorchani, A. Barmat, M. Atigui and G. Gaja. 2009. Effect of milking interval and cisternal udder evaluation in Tunisian Maghrebi dairy camels (Camelus dromedarius L.). Journal of Dairy Science 91:1452-1459.
Bakht B. and A. Igbal. 2001. Production and composition of camel milk, Review. Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Science. 38: 3-4.
El-Amin, F.M. and C.J. Wilcox. 1992. Milk composition of majaheem camels. Journal of Dairy Science 75: 3153-3157.
Elemam, M.E. 2000. Ruminant Nutrition, University of Gezira Press, Wad Medani, Sudan.
Fernandez, F.J. and H.L. Kahn. 1971. Clinical Methods for Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy. Clinical Chemistry Newsletter. 3, 24.
Haddadin, M.S.Y., S.I. Gammoh and R.K. Robinson. 2008. Seasonal variations in the chemical composition of camel milk in Jordan. Journal of Dairy Research 75:8-12.
Ibrahim, A. 1990. Potentialities for milk Production from Sudanese she- camels in feedlot system. In: Proceeding of the international conference of camel Production and Improvement 10-13 December, Tobruk, Libya.
Igbal, A.R., A. Gill and A. Uounas. 2001. Milk composition of Pakistani camel (Camelus dromedarius) kept under station, farmers conditions. Emirates Journal of Agricultural Science 13:7-10.
Karim, C.A. and I. Gooklani. 1987. Studies on the gross components of camel milk in Turkman Sahara. Journal of Veterinary Faculty. Tehran, Iran 42(1):62-67.
Khanna, N.O. 1986. Camel as a milk animal. Indian Farming 36(5): 39-40.
Khaskheli, M.M., A. Arain, S. Chaudhary, A. H. Soomro and T.A. Qureshi. 2005. Physico-chemical quality of camel milk. Journal of Agric- Social. Science 1: 164 – 166.
Knoess, K.H., A.I. Makhudum, M. Rafia and M. Hafeez. 1986. Milk production potential of the dromedary with special reference to the Province of Punjab. Pakistan World Animal Reviews 57: 11-21.
Konus, P. G.B. Faye and G. Losseau. 2008. The composition of camel milk. A meta analysis of the literature data. Journal of Food Composition Analysis 22: 95-101.
Lampery, H.F., D.J. Herllock and C.R. Filed. 1980. Report on the State of Knowledge in East Africa in 1980 pp 33-55 In: H.N. Lehouerou (ed). Browse in Africa, Addis Ababa,Ethiopia.
Mehaia, M.A., M.A. Hablas, K.M. Abed-Rahman and S.A. El-Mougy. 1995. Milk composition of Majaheim, Wadah and Hamra camels in Saudi Arabia. Food Chemistry 52: 115-122.
Meredove, B. 1989. One – humped camels in Amiir. Genetic Resources of the USSR. Journal of Animal Production and Health 65: 351-5331 .
Mohamed, A. 2001. Evaluation of some range plants for goats in Rahad area, Butana plain, Sudan. M.Sc. Thesis, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Gezira, Wad Medani, Sudan.
Riyadh, A., E. Faris, S. Elsauaed, A. Al Sheikh, S. Ahmed and A. Moez. 2012. Effects of production system, breed, parity and stage of lactation on milk composition of dromedary camels in Saudi Arabia. Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances 11(1): 141-147.
Roa,M.B, R.C .Gupta and N.N. Dastor, (1970).Camel milk and milk production. Indian Journal of Dairy Science,23:71-78
Sawaya, W.V., J.K. Khali, A.A.L. Shalhat and H.A.L. Mohammad. 1984. Chemical composition and nutritional quality of camel milk. Journal of Food Science 49(3): 744-747.
Schwartz, H.J.,1992. Productive, Performance and Productivity of Dromedaris (Camelus dromedarius). Animal Research and Development 35:85-98.
Sohail, M.A. 1983. The role of the Arabian camel (Camelus dromedarius) in animal Production. World Reviews of Animal Production 19(3): 38-40.
Yagil, R. 1982. Camels and camel milk. Animal Production and Health Report. : FAO Italy. Rome.
